external-secrets/docs/provider-hashicorp-vault.md

Hashicorp Vault

External Secrets Operator integrates with HashiCorp Vault for secret management. Vault itself implements lots of different secret engines, as of now we only support the KV Secrets Engine.

Example

First, create a SecretStore with a vault backend. For the sake of simplicity we'll use a static token root:

apiVersion: external-secrets.io/v1alpha1
kind: SecretStore
metadata:
  name: vault-backend
spec:
  provider:
    vault:
      server: "http://my.vault.server:8200"
      path: "secret"
      version: "v2"
      auth:
        # points to a secret that contains a vault token
        # https://www.vaultproject.io/docs/auth/token
        tokenSecretRef:
          name: "vault-token"
          key: "token"
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: vault-token
data:
  token: cm9vdA== # "root"

NOTE: In case of a ClusterSecretStore, Be sure to provide namespace for tokenSecretRef with the namespace of the secret that we just created.

Then create a simple k/v pair at path secret/foo:

vault kv put secret/foo my-value=s3cr3t

Now create a ExternalSecret that uses the above SecretStore:

apiVersion: external-secrets.io/v1alpha1
kind: ExternalSecret
metadata:
  name: vault-example
spec:
  refreshInterval: "15s"
  secretStoreRef:
    name: vault-backend
    kind: SecretStore
  target:
    name: example-sync
  data:
  - secretKey: foobar
    remoteRef:
      key: secret/foo
      property: my-value
---
# will create a secret with:
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: example-sync
data:
  foobar: czNjcjN0

Fetching Raw Values

You can fetch all key/value pairs for a given path If you leave the remoteRef.property empty. This returns the json-encoded secret value for that path.

apiVersion: external-secrets.io/v1alpha1
kind: ExternalSecret
metadata:
  name: vault-example
spec:
  # ...
  data:
  - secretKey: foobar
    remoteRef:
      key: /dev/package.json

Nested Values

Vault supports nested key/value pairs. You can specify a gjson expression at remoteRef.property to get a nested value.

Given the following secret - assume its path is /dev/config:

{
  "foo": {
    "nested": {
      "bar": "mysecret"
    }
  }
}

You can set the remoteRef.property to point to the nested key using a gjson expression.

apiVersion: external-secrets.io/v1alpha1
kind: ExternalSecret
metadata:
  name: vault-example
spec:
  # ...
  data:
  - secretKey: foobar
    remoteRef:
      key: /dev/config
      property: foo.nested.bar
---
# creates a secret with:
# foobar=mysecret

If you would set the remoteRef.property to just foo then you would get the json-encoded value of that property: {"nested":{"bar":"mysecret"}}.

Multiple nested Values

You can extract multiple keys from a nested secret using dataFrom.

Given the following secret - assume its path is /dev/config:

{
  "foo": {
    "nested": {
      "bar": "mysecret",
      "baz": "bang"
    }
  }
}

You can set the remoteRef.property to point to the nested key using a gjson expression.

apiVersion: external-secrets.io/v1alpha1
kind: ExternalSecret
metadata:
  name: vault-example
spec:
  # ...
  dataFrom:
  - key: /dev/config
    property: foo.nested

That results in a secret with these values:

bar=mysecret
baz=bang

Authentication

We support five different modes for authentication: token-based, appRole, kubernetes-native, ldap and jwt/odic, each one comes with it's own trade-offs. Depending on the authentication method you need to adapt your environment.

Token-based authentication

A static token is stored in a Kind=Secret and is used to authenticate with vault.

{% include 'vault-token-store.yaml' %}

NOTE: In case of a ClusterSecretStore, Be sure to provide namespace in tokenSecretRef with the namespace where the secret resides.

AppRole authentication example

AppRole authentication reads the secret id from a Kind=Secret and uses the specified roleId to aquire a temporary token to fetch secrets.

{% include 'vault-approle-store.yaml' %}

NOTE: In case of a ClusterSecretStore, Be sure to provide namespace in secretRef with the namespace where the secret resides.

Kubernetes authentication

Kubernetes-native authentication has three options of optaining credentials for vault:

1. by using a service account jwt referenced in serviceAccountRef
2. by using the jwt from a Kind=Secret referenced by the secretRef
3. by using transient credentials from the mounted service account token within the external-secrets operator

{% include 'vault-kubernetes-store.yaml' %}

NOTE: In case of a ClusterSecretStore, Be sure to provide namespace in serviceAccountRef or in secretRef, if used.

LDAP authentication

LDAP authentication uses username/password pair to get an access token. Username is stored directly in a Kind=SecretStore or Kind=ClusterSecretStore resource, password is stored in a Kind=Secret referenced by the secretRef.

{% include 'vault-ldap-store.yaml' %}

NOTE: In case of a ClusterSecretStore, Be sure to provide namespace in secretRef with the namespace where the secret resides.

JWT/OIDC authentication

JWT/OIDC uses a JWT token stored in a Kind=Secret and referenced by the secretRef. Optionally a role field can be defined in a Kind=SecretStore or Kind=ClusterSecretStore resource.

{% include 'vault-jwt-store.yaml' %}

NOTE: In case of a ClusterSecretStore, Be sure to provide namespace in secretRef with the namespace where the secret resides.

Vault Enterprise and Eventual Consistency

When using Vault Enterprise with performance standby nodes, any follower can handle read requests immediately after the provider has authenticated. Since Vault becomes eventually consistent in this mode, these requests can fail if the login has not yet propagated to each server's local state.

Below are two different solutions to this scenario. You'll need to review them and pick the best fit for your environment and Vault configuration.

Read Your Writes

The simplest method is simply utilizing the X-Vault-Index header returned on all write requests (including logins). Passing this header back on subsequent requests instructs the Vault client to retry the request until the server has an index greater than or equal to that returned with the last write.

Obviously though, this has a performance hit because the read is blocked until the follower's local state has caught up.

Forward Inconsistent

In addition to the aforementioned X-Vault-Index header, Vault also supports proxying inconsistent requests to the current cluster leader for immediate read-after-write consistency. This is achieved by setting the X-Vault-Inconsistent header to forward-active-node. By default, this behavior is disabled and must be explicitly enabled in the server's replication configuration.