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The world's fastest in-memory data store

Dragonfly is an in-memory data store built for modern application workloads. It is fully compatible with the Redis and Memcached APIs, required no code changes to adopt. When compared to these legacy in-memory datastores, Dragonfly delivers 25X more throughput, higher cache hit rates, with lower tail latency, and effortless vertical scalability.

Contents

• Benchmarks
• Quick Start
• Configuration
• Roadmap and Status
• Design Decisions
• Background

Benchmarks

Dragonfly is crossing 3.8M QPS on c6gn.16xlarge reaching x25 increase in throughput compared to Redis.

99th latency percentile of Dragonfly at its peak throughput:

op	r6g	c6gn	c7g
set	0.8ms	1ms	1ms
get	0.9ms	0.9ms	0.8ms
setex	0.9ms	1.1ms	1.3ms

All benchmarks were performed using memtier_benchmark (see below) with number of threads tuned per server type and the instance type. memtier was running on a separate c6gn.16xlarge machine. For setex benchmark we used expiry-range of 500, so it would survive the end of the test.

  memtier_benchmark --ratio ... -t <threads> -c 30 -n 200000 --distinct-client-seed -d 256 \
     --expiry-range=...

When running in pipeline mode --pipeline=30, Dragonfly reaches 10M qps for SET and 15M qps for GET operations.

Memcached / Dragonfly

We compared memcached with Dragonfly on c6gn.16xlarge instance on AWS. As you can see below Dragonfly dominates memcached for both write and read workloads in terms of throughput with a comparable latency. For write workloads, Dragonfly has also better latency, due to contention on the write path in memcached.

SET benchmark

Server	QPS(thousands qps)	latency 99%	99.9%
Dragonfly	🟩 3844	🟩 0.9ms	🟩 2.4ms
Memcached	806	1.6ms	3.2ms

GET benchmark

Server	QPS(thousands qps)	latency 99%	99.9%
Dragonfly	🟩 3717	1ms	2.4ms
Memcached	2100	🟩 0.34ms	🟩 0.6ms

Memcached exhibited lower latency for the read benchmark, but also lower throughput.

Memory efficiency

In the following test, we filled Dragonfly and Redis with ~5GB of data using debug populate 5000000 key 1024 command. Then we started sending the update traffic with memtier and kicked off the snapshotting with the "bgsave" command. The following figure demonstrates clearly how both servers behave in terms of memory efficiency.

Dragonfly was 30% more memory efficient than Redis in the idle state. It also did not show any visible memory increase during the snapshot phase. Meanwhile, Redis reached almost x3 memory increase at peak compared to Dragonfly. Dragonfly also finished the snapshot much faster, just a few seconds after it started. For more info about memory efficiency in Dragonfly see dashtable doc

Configuration

Dragonfly supports common Redis arguments where applicable. For example, you can run: dragonfly --requirepass=foo --bind localhost.

Dragonfly currently supports the following Redis-specific arguments:

• port redis connection port, default: 6379
• bind localhost to only allow locahost connections, Public IP ADDRESS , to allow connections to that ip address (aka from outside too)
• requirepass password for AUTH authentication, default: ""
• maxmemory Limit on maximum-memory (in human-readble bytes) that is used by the database. 0 - means the program will automatically determine its maximum memory usage. default: 0
• dir - by default, dragonfly docker uses /data folder for snapshotting. the CLI uses: "" You can use -v docker option to map it to your host folder.
• dbfilename the filename to save/load the DB. default: "dump";

In addition, it has Dragonfly specific arguments options:

• memcache_port - to enable memcached compatible API on this port. Disabled by default.
• keys_output_limit - maximum number of returned keys in keys command. Default is 8192. keys is a dangerous command. We truncate its result to avoid blowup in memory when fetching too many keys.
• dbnum - maximum number of supported databases for select.
• cache_mode - see Cache section below.
• hz - key expiry evaluation frequency. Default is 100. Lower frequency uses less cpu when idle at the expense of slower eviction rate.
• save_schedule - glob spec for the UTC time to save a snapshot which matches HH:MM (24h time). default: ""
• primary_port_http_enabled - If true allows accessing http console on main TCP port, default: true
• admin_port - If set, would enable admin access to console on the assigned port. This supports both HTTP and RESP protocols. default disabled
• admin_bind - If set, the admin consol TCP connection would be bind the given address. This supports both HTTP and RESP protocols. default any
• cluster_mode - cluster mode supported. Currently supports only emulated. default: ""
• cluster_announce_ip - ip that cluster commands announce to the client.

Example Start Script, with popular options:

./dragonfly-x86_64 --logtostderr --requirepass=youshallnotpass --cache_mode=true -dbnum 1 --bind localhost --port 6379  --save_schedule "*:30" --maxmemory=12gb --keys_output_limit=12288 --dbfilename dump.rdb

for more options like logs management or tls support, run dragonfly --help.

Roadmap and status

Currently, Dragonfly supports ~185 Redis commands and all memcache commands besides cas. We are almost on par with Redis 5 API. Our next milestone will be to stabilize basic functionality and implement the replication API. If you see that a command you need, is not implemented yet, please open an issue.

For dragonfly-native replication, we are designing a distributed log format that will support order of magnitude higher speeds.

After the replication feature we will continue with other Redis missing commands from APIs 3-6.

Please see API readiness doc for the current status of Dragonfly.

Design decisions

Novel cache design

Dragonfly has a single unified adaptive caching algorithm that is very simple and memory efficient. You can enable caching mode by passing --cache_mode=true flag. Once this mode is on, Dragonfly will evict items least likely to be stumbled upon in the future but only when it is near maxmemory limit.

Expiration deadlines with relative accuracy

Expiration ranges are limited to ~4 years. Moreover, expiration deadlines with millisecond precision (PEXPIRE/PSETEX etc) will be rounded to closest second for deadlines greater than 134217727ms (approximately 37 hours). Such rounding has less than 0.001% error which I hope is acceptable for large ranges. If it breaks your use-cases - talk to me or open an issue and explain your case.

For more detailed differences between this and Redis implementations see here.

Native Http console and Prometheus compatible metrics

By default, Dragonfly allows http access via its main TCP port (6379). That's right, you can connect to Dragonfly via Redis protocol and via HTTP protocol - the server recognizes the protocol automatically during the connection initiation. Go ahead and try it with your browser. Right now it does not have much info but in the future, we are planning to add there useful debugging and management info. If you go to :6379/metrics url you will see some prometheus compatible metrics.

The Prometheus exported metrics are compatible with the Grafana dashboard see here.

Important! The http console is meant to be accessed within a safe network. If you expose Dragonfly's TCP port externally, it is advised to disable the console with --http_admin_console=false or --nohttp_admin_console.

Background

Dragonfly started as an experiment to see how an in-memory datastore could look like if it was designed in 2022. Based on lessons learned from our experience as users of memory stores and as engineers who worked for cloud companies, we knew that we need to preserve two key properties for Dragonfly: a) to provide atomicity guarantees for all its operations, and b) to guarantee low, sub-millisecond latency over very high throughput.

Our first challenge was how to fully utilize CPU, memory, and i/o resources using servers that are available today in public clouds. To solve this, we used shared-nothing architecture, which allows us to partition the keyspace of the memory store between threads so that each thread would manage its own slice of dictionary data. We call these slices - shards. The library that powers thread and I/O management for shared-nothing architecture is open-sourced here.

To provide atomicity guarantees for multi-key operations, we used the advancements from recent academic research. We chose the paper "VLL: a lock manager redesign for main memory database systems” to develop the transactional framework for Dragonfly. The choice of shared-nothing architecture and VLL allowed us to compose atomic multi-key operations without using mutexes or spinlocks. This was a major milestone for our PoC and its performance stood out from other commercial and open-source solutions.

Our second challenge was to engineer more efficient data structures for the new store. To achieve this goal, we based our core hashtable structure on paper "Dash: Scalable Hashing on Persistent Memory". The paper itself is centered around the persistent memory domain and is not directly related to main-memory stores. Nevertheless, it's very much applicable to our problem. It suggested a hashtable design that allowed us to maintain two special properties that are present in the Redis dictionary: a) its incremental hashing ability during datastore growth b) its ability to traverse the dictionary under changes using a stateless scan operation. Besides these 2 properties, Dash is much more efficient in CPU and memory. By leveraging Dash's design, we were able to innovate further with the following features:

• Efficient record expiry for TTL records.
• A novel cache eviction algorithm that achieves higher hit rates than other caching strategies like LRU and LFU with zero memory overhead.
• A novel fork-less snapshotting algorithm.

After we built the foundation for Dragonfly and we were happy with its performance, we went on to implement the Redis and Memcached functionality. By now, we have implemented ~185 Redis commands (roughly equivalent to Redis 5.0 API) and 13 Memcached commands.

And finally,
Our mission is to build a well-designed, ultra-fast, cost-efficient in-memory datastore for cloud workloads that takes advantage of the latest hardware advancements. We intend to address the pain points of current solutions while preserving their product APIs and propositions.